Fig. 1

Overview of the automatic knee osteoarthritis severity grading based on X-ray images. The total joint space, the lateral joint space, the medial joint space, and osteophyte were segmented using U-Net model, respectively. The mask of subchondral bone was generated based on the segmentation result of total joint space. A hierarchical classification method was employed to assessment KOA severity using geometric and radiomic features. KOA: knee osteoarthritis. KL: Kellgren-Lawrence