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Table 2 Association of HCQ, concurrent medications, and comorbidities with DM risk

From: Hydroxychloroquine dose-dependently reduces the risk of incident diabetes in primary Sjögren syndrome patients on glucocorticoids: a nationwide population-based cohort study

 

HCQ nonusers

HCQ users

Univariate Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

N

Events of DM

N

Events of DM

HR

95% C.I

ADJ. HR

95% C.I

Overall

2,437

183

4,874

314

1.000

   
     

0.727**

(0.607–0.871)

  

HCQ (cDDD)

 No Use (ref.)

2,437

183

0

0

1.000

 

1.000

 

 1–150

0

0

2,197

164

1.217

(0.985–1.505)

1.161

(0.937–1.439)

 151–350

0

0

1,367

76

0.660**

(0.504–0.865)

0.600**

(0.454–0.794)

 ≥ 351

0

0

1,310

74

0.403***

(0.309–0.524)

0.326***

(0.246–0.433)

Glucocorticoid (cDDD)

 No Use (ref.)

1,056

44

1,347

59

1.000

 

1.000

 

 1–40

692

63

1,092

60

1.109

(0.851–1.444)

1.145

(0.877–1.496)

 41–150

322

26

803

53

1.146

(0.850–1.546)

1.161

(0.856–1.574)

 ≥ 151

367

50

1,632

142

1.344*

(1.053–1.715)

1.833***

(1.410–2.383)

Gender

 Female (ref.)

2,081

153

4,165

263

1.000

 

1.000

 

 Male

356

30

709

51

1.153

(0.899–1.478)

0.879

(0.683–1.132)

Age group

 00–30 (ref.)

131

4

261

19

1.000

 

1.000

 

 31–40

305

22

604

19

0.770

(0.449–1.320)

0.798

(0.465–1.370)

 41–50

509

38

1017

48

0.999

(0.617–1.618)

1.010

(0.621–1.641)

 51–60

633

43

1274

74

1.229

(0.767–1.969)

1.137

(0.705–1.833)

 61–70

434

43

885

76

1.835*

(1.142–2.950)

1.566

(0.960–2.556)

 71–80

338

25

668

65

1.885**

(1.167–3.047)

1.336

(0.805–2.216)

 >  = 81

87

8

165

13

2.470***

(1.338–4.559)

1.558

(0.825–2.940)

Comorbidities

 Hyperlipidemia

310

31

606

55

1.631***

(1.285–2.071)

1.241

(0.966–1.594)

 Hypertension

618

66

1236

118

1.955***

(1.628–2.348)

1.394**

(1.109–1.752)

 Stroke

139

21

282

31

2.092***

(1.579–2.772)

1.476*

(1.084–2.009)

 Ischemic Heart Disease

241

27

463

50

1.812***

(1.427–2.300)

1.193

(0.919–1.549)

 Chronic Kidney Disease

43

6

91

12

2.763***

(1.879–4.063)

1.844**

(1.244–2.735)

  1. HCQ Hydroxychloroquine, cDDD cumulative defined daily dose
  2. * 0.01 ≤ P < 0.05, ** 0.0001 ≤ P < 0.01, *** P < 0.0001
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Arthritis Research & Therapy

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